Which type of survey is fixed in a position on the surface of the earth by monuments of permanent nature?

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Establishing a reference framework by fixing positions with permanent monuments. Control surveys set up a network of known points on the earth’s surface, each marked by monuments that are designed to last a long time (benchmarks, concrete monuments, triangulation stations, etc.). This enduring network provides stable horizontal (and sometimes vertical) references that all other surveying work can tie into, ensuring consistency and minimizing errors as measurements are taken across large areas or over many years. Subdivision surveys map parcels and boundaries; topographic surveys describe terrain features; consolidation surveys deal with merging parcels. None of these inherently rely on a permanent reference network in the way that control surveys do, which is why this type is defined by fixing positions with permanent monuments.